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Yongzheng Emperor
The Yongzheng Emperor () (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), born Yinzhen (), was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, Yongzheng's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. His reign was known for being despotic, efficient, and vigorous.
Although Yongzheng's reign was much shorter than that of both his father (the Kangxi Emperor) and his son (the Qianlong Emperor), Yongzheng continued an era of peace and prosperity. He cracked down on corruption and reformed the financial administration. His reign saw the formulation of the Grand Council, an institution which had an enormous impact on the future of the Qing dynasty.
==Prince Yong==
Yinzhen was the fourth son of the Kangxi Emperor to survive into adulthood. His mother, who is historically known as Empress Xiaogongren, was originally a court attendant from the Manchu Uya clan. Around the time when Yinzhen was born, his mother was of a low status and did not have the right to raise her own children. For most of his childhood, Yinzhen was raised by Noble Consort Tong, the daughter of Tong Guowei, the Kangxi Emperor's maternal uncle and an eminent official in the early part of Kangxi's reign. After the birth of more children, Yinzhen's mother was promoted to a ''pin'' and then to a ''fei'', and became known as ''defei'' or "Virtuous Consort." Kangxi did not raise his children inside the palace alone. He exposed his sons (including Yinzhen) to the outside world and gave them a rigorous education. Yinzhen accompanied his father on several inspection trips around the Beijing area, as well as one further south. He became the honorary leader of the Plain Red Banner during the Battle of Jao Modo between the Qing Empire and the Mongol Dzungar Khanate led by Galdan Khan. Yinzhen was made a ''beile'' ((中国語:貝勒); Prince of the Third Rank) in 1689 and rose to the position of a ''junwang'' ((中国語:郡王); Prince of the Second Rank) in 1698.
In 1709, the Kangxi Emperor stripped his second son Yinreng of his position as crown prince. Yinreng had been the crown prince for his whole life; his removal left the position of heir open to competition among the Emperor's remaining sons (Kangxi had 24 sons who reached adulthood). In the same year, Kangxi bestowed the title "Prince Yong (of the First Rank)" () on Yinzhen. Yinzhen maintained a low profile during the initial stages of the succession struggle. To appoint a new heir, Kangxi decreed that officials in his imperial court would nominate a new crown prince. Kangxi's eighth son, Yinsi, was the candidate preferred by the majority of the court as well as many of Kangxi's other sons. Kangxi, however, opted not to appoint Yinsi as his heir apparent largely due to apprehension that Yinsi's political clout at court was beginning to overshadow that of himself. Thereafter, Yinzhen sensed that his father was in favour of re-instating Yinreng as heir apparent, thus he supported Yinreng and earned the trust of his father.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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